Green Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Politics - Essay Example Green politics began its earliest cruise in the form of the Green Party that was formed in 1980. This party began as a third party that follows a broad political ideology of global justice and preservation of the ecology. This was followed by a worldwide spurt of similar green parties. In Australia, the same decade saw the birth of the Green Australia Party. It came from the Franklin River Dams campaign during the 1980s which proposed to address issues like peace and democracy at the grassroots level. (www.wikipedia.com) Britain soon followed suit with environmental politics high on its list of priorities. With a formal panel of 'green' advisors, Britain's green political movement has addressed issues that basically have to do with the environment more than anything else. Meanwhile, in Canada, the Green Party of Quebec took off in the 1980s to address issues like ecological preservation and other issues in the same vicinity. (www.wikipedia.com) These parties have made a point in a world where limited resources and unchallenged use of the same are coming under fire. They have managed to have a representation in governments apart from drawing attention to causes in the form of a place of priority on worldwide agendas. (www.wikipedia.com) One of the most basic features of green politics that makes it neithe... Foresight helps a green politician perform in accordance with issues that will influence the times to come for at least seven generations. Free of alignments that could tie it down in terms of leftist or right hand ideologies, green politics is that form of politics that creates the vision for furthering causes and catering to a more wholesome humanitarian purpose. By making use of foresight more than anything else, green politics helps in a global integration of goals and results. (Hawkins, 2006) Globalization Another important feature of green politics lies in its ability to combine global issues on a very global platform. Through its efforts to secure representation in national governments, green politics seek to address global issues rather than focus merely on national ones. Globalization is a real phenomenon that is fast combining the collective conditions of economic interests, peace efforts and other such endeavors that put issues on the map and help find solutions that will benefit the entire world. With an increase in the phenomenon known as globalization and the wide use of technology as a complementary feature, human society has changed and the needs have increased manifold. Changes in the political, economical and cultural arena have challenged and effected alterations within various professions. The autonomy of nation states and political parties has been under challenge because the global arena has tried to decrease it so to reduce their power and status. Also, trust has been replaced by target setting accountability as client-professional interactions have been limited in order for services and companies' profits to be increased. Finally, all these changes have affected and put under challenge international politics. This is further

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Discuss the authors theme of the duality of man and the techniques he employs to convey this to the reader. Robert Louis Stevenson was one of the most pioneering authors of his time, and is seen in the modern literary world as an author of extraordinary human understanding and an author who wrote way ahead of his time. His knowledge of the era in which he lived is now seen as praiseworthy, as his themes were often underwritten with the tones of the era that he wished to address. The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has such clarity in theme and message that it is, upon reflection, an effective insight into human nature. The novella begins with the introduction of the character who becomes the narrator of the story Mr Utterson. His friend, Mr Enfield, tells him a story about a mysterious man who trampled a small girl by night. This intrigues Mr Utterson, and soon links between this man, named Hyde, and a respectable doctor (and a friend of Utterson) named Jekyll. Utterson immediately believes Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll, but as the story unravels, we discover Jekyll and Hyde is actually the same person. Jekyll eventually realises he will succumb to the power of his alter-ego, and debates what Hyde will do after his potion runs out it is revealed midway through the novella that he takes his own life. Stevensons use of the theme of duality of man is one of the most effectively hidden, but most profound, studies into human character in Victorian literature, and the author uses the intelligent character of Jekyll to self-chronicle the change that take place. This becomes apparent in the early stages of the novella, when Jekyll asserts that the human soul could be seen as a battleground between an angel and fiend. This shows Jekylls self-awareness and, despite this, Jekyll still succumbs to the evil will of Hyde. This could be explained by another section of his own narrative, in which he sees no repugnance as he sees himself as Hyde for the first time, and even that it is rather of a leap of welcome. This is the polar opposite of the feelings of the others in the story who witness Hyde physically, all of whom describe Hyde as offensively ugly and deformed. This highlights that every man harbours a secret willingness to commit these crimes and see themselves without the morals and civil attitude we abide by. One of the most clear hints at the authors main theme comes with the final chapter in the novella, and once again Jekylls narrative. He insists, repeatedly, that man is not one, but two, and he then goes to describe how he has always had an inner darkness that he has repressed. The importance of Jekyll as the one of the main ambassadors of Stevensons theme in the story is obvious and it can even be said that Jekyll personifies the thoughts of Stevenson and his ideas. Stevensons effective use of setting and contrasts in this setting is another key method he utilises to illustrate the split personality of Jekyll and Hyde. London is frequently described very fully and with a lot of detail in the novella, however the descriptions are not consistent and reflect the mood of the main character. In the middle of the novel, when Hyde murders Sir Danvers Carew in cold blood at night, London is full of a glow of rich, lurid brown through the eyes of Mr Utterson, suggesting that the darkness and evil of Hyde is beginning to taint Londons very atmosphere, much like Jekylls steady tainting of his own body. As the narrative progresses, a thick fog begins to descend upon the city, which progresses as Hydes reign of senseless murder, and Jekylls crisis of control over his alter-ego, deepens. At the beginning of the story, though, London is described as bustling centre of commerce. Clearly, the author uses the setting as another means of allowing the reader subtle access to the changes between Jekyll and Hyde. Often throughout the novel, the characters who are speaking or narrating, or even the third-person narrator, refuse to communicate their fears or disgust at what is occurring. Such failure of articulation is present even from the start, as Utterson and Enfield refuse to discuss the nature of Hydes personal appearance and characteristics. Whilst this could be easily be attributed to natural disgust at Hydes physicalities, further similar events cannot be explained so easily. The most apparent example of this rejection of language comes when Hydes sordid behaviour and his life vices are not described. This could be due to the period in which it is written Victorian society was one of ignorance and self-promotion as opposed to truth although this explanation doesnt cover it completely. More likely is that Stevenson wanted to expose this nuance of his era that he had a dislike for, and wanted to allow the majority of the horror of Hyde to be personal to the reader, to allow them to decide just how far the duality of man could be applied to them placing a definite article on Hydes most appalling aspects would allow the reader to convince themselves that this split personality does not affect them, whereas leaving it open does not give them this comfort barrier. Amorality is one way of interpreting Jekylls split personality, as Hyde seems to represent Jekyll without his moral barrier and reputation to uphold; however, this could also be interpreted as immorality the crucial difference is the knowledge that the moral boundaries exist in the first place. It is never quite clear if Hyde realises what he is doing is wrong, suggesting amorality, however the fact he takes great pleasure in killing suggests much the opposite immorality. Even though Hyde is often referred to as being animalistic in appearance and nature Utterson even describes him as a troglodyte, a very primitive creature his pent-up anger and frustration that is always released in a shocking way is immediately applicable to most urban readers leading to the shocking revelation that Stevenson not only hints at mans duality, but as civilisation as a whole on the outside, it is amicable and genial, but inside it harbours fury and madness. This is another effective method of demonstrating the stark contrasts in human nature and the duality of our very being. The ambiguity of Stevensons overall message actually becomes another method of enhancing its effectiveness. The actual duality of man could be described as being a complete contrast that is, we are all Jekylls with a Hyde waiting below our civilised faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade. Clearly, this would show that the interrelation between the characters is the most affecting and thought-provoking part of the novel. However, the other interpretation of the theme, equally backed up with evidence, is that we are all, in essence, one hundred percent Hyde with a veneer of civilisation in Jekyll. The fact that, in the text, Jekyll eventually loses all control of his transformation into Hyde and, eventually, any semblance of his old self altogether, is proof of this. This is the much more shocking of the two possibilities, suggesting that our very world is a cover and humans left to their most immoral and animalistic devices are akin to the revolting Hyde. The combination of possibilities left unsolved at the end of the novella makes the theme much more compelling and intriguing as the hints left question the society in which people live, as well as challenging them strongly and directly. The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a perfect example of a well thought-out, universally applicable and well-written story. Stevenson has set out from the beginning to make a story that will not just live long in the memory of the reader like so many other themes, but rather it will challenge the reader to search themselves for the personality traits that make Hyde such a revolting, but strangely fascinating, character to study. The duality of man is a theme that could be covered with an indirect and abstract plotline but Stevensons choice of making the thriller so personal and penetrating has changed the way the authors of today relate to the reader and communicate their themes.

The Last of the Mohicans Essay -- Native Americans James Fenimore Coop

The Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper’s the Last of the Mohicans is a gripping novel that depicts the travel of 7 people through the dangerous woods of western New York in the late 18th century. The story takes place during the French and Indian war at the height of conflict. Major Duncan Heyward is accompanying singer David Gamut and the two daughters of the English colonel Munro from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. Along the way, the four travelers discover that their Indian guide Magua has purposely lead them in the wrong direction. Their only chance of making it to Fort William Henry now rests in the hands of Hawk Eye (a man who knows the way of the Indians but continuously asserts that he has no Indian blood) and Uncas and Chingachgook (the only two living members of the once great tribe known as Mohican). Together, the group sneaks through the woods avoiding the French troops as well as the dangerous Huron’s who have formed an alliance with the French. The book is full of adventure. Earlier in the book, the travelers stop to spend the night in a cave near a waterfall, but they are attacked by Magua’s allies the Huron’s. Hawkeye and the Mohicans managed to escape down the river but Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters are all taken as prisoners by the Huron’s. Magua then tells the group that he seeks revenge on colonel Munro. But before he had the chance to act, Hawkeye and the Mohicans attacked the Huron’s and killed all but Magua who managed to escape. Although the book had a fictitious spin, a little research shows me that the events and certain characters are more or less historically accurate. One occasion was the Massacre of William Henry. Once the travelers arrived at their destination, they learned that the fort was receiving no more troops and would be forced the surrender to General Montcalm and the French. Montcalm told Fort William Henry that he would allow them to leave with all their belongings, without a fight. However, once the party left the fort, they were surrounded and almost everyone was killed. The Munro sisters and David were once again captured by Magua. The book also discusses the alliances between Europeans and Indians. The French and English were quick to make friends with the Indians because they knew they would need their help. The Indians knew the woods and how to liv... ... to see their enimie’s. They also were very careful not to leave tracks. They used the river whenever possible so their footprints could not be followed. The Indians could even tell when someone had tried to cover their tracks by the way branches had been broken and other things like that. I found the way Indians communicate to be very interesting. The Mohicans spoke about how the Indians have one word for everything and they change how they want to express that word with the pitch of there voice. The Mohicans stressed how much the tone of voice mattered to them. This book has enticed me to learn more about the Indians and their customs. They seemed to kill animals for no reason but after they were questioned by the Europeans they gave good answers. At one point in the book they killed a deer and then told Cora and Alice that the deer would have given them away and by killing the young deer it wouldn’t face any hardship that might have come its way. I also found their shouts of war interesting and I would like to learn more about them. The story itself is what really kept me reading though. It was suspenseful and exciting. In closing, I’m glad I read this book.

How does art change your perception of a metaphysical concept? :: essays research papers

Death is a metaphysical concept that is abstract and theoretical in composition, but doesn’t embody a material form. From person to person, there are a vast array of interpretations of what death is and what it means to each individual. There is no single universal understanding of what death is, since it doesn’t embody any physical characteristics. I am the kind of person whose opinions are very easily influenced. Whenever I read a book, listen to a song, watch a movie, or look at artwork containing a strong message, my opinions (mainly metaphysical ones) are greatly impacted. Death is a topic everyone will witness countless times during his or her lifetime. Death of loved ones’, animals, or strangers are just few examples of experiences that can mold one’s impression of death. Since I am rather young, I have only truly experienced death on few occasions. One of which was the death of my grandfather. He was in a lot of pain and was bedridden for months. For him, death was almost inevitable and was an answer to the pain he was feeling. I’m not 100% definite how I personally perceive death, but because of my grandfather, I always think of death as being imperative, yet inevitable. I have a great fear for death, because I know how much pain it causes loved ones. When I was in my 9th grade Spanish class, I remember watching an informational movie on the art of bullfighting. A man dressed up in brightly colored clothes chases a bull around the ring, and tries to lodge a spiked instrument into his shoulder blade, and inevitably, kill him. Hundreds of people around the world congregate in Spain to witness this spectacle of death. In this art form, death is put on stage as a light-hearted form of entertainment. After I witnessed this very controversial art form, my perception of death was affected, and I started to perceive death as being more light-hearted, however I still don’t believe it ethical to gain entertainment from it. I now also perceive death as being almost graceful and serene. This type of art portrays death as un-daunting and I am not as fearful of it after I watched it. â€Å"Gassing† by David Olere is a chilling representation of a gas chamber during the time of the holocaust. When I first saw this, the hair on my arms immediately stood straight up.

Mood

Mood disorders are those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. This group includes several nosoforms such as affective disorders, psychotic bipolar disorder and depressive disorders. The last are presented by the involutional and postpartum depression, dysthymic disorder and seasonal affective disorder. All listed conditions are very frequent – about 14.3% of the population is stroked by the mood disorders. The aim of this review is comparing the different treatments for the mood disorders by example of postpartum mood disorders. Databases searched for this review included PsycINFO only.There are several risk factors of postpartum mood disturbances. After delivery the level of steroid hormones (estrogens, gestagens and cortisol) changes dramatically. Some women are very sensitive to these hormonal changes and can react with changes of the mood. Psychosocial risk factors include low income and inadequate social supports, recent negative life ev ents, marital conflict or dissatisfaction. Heredity and individual susceptibility are risk factors for postpartum depression. Thus women with individual or family history of a mood disorder have higher risk of postpartum depression. A prior history of postpartum mood disorder increases the risk of recurrence of the depression in two folds.Postpartum changes of the mood are not rare complications of accouchement. There are different symptoms of mood disturbance – from transitory and mild signs of postpartum blues and up to the severe postpartum depression and puerperal psychosis. Nonacs R. and Cohen LS. (1998) write that mood changes during the puerperium are often overlooked. This fact arouses the risk of the episodes of recurrent depression in mothers. Another important issue of the problem is a risk of the remote consequences of mother’s mood disturbance on the future mental and physical development of child. To prevent those long-term effects the early diagnostics a nd effective treatment interventions should be applied.Some forms of the postpartum mood disorder do not require any specific treatment, e.g. the most common (30-75% of new mothers) form of the mood disturbances, so called â€Å"baby blues† require only education, reassurance and support. More serious conditions, like postpartum depression, need more active interventions. This condition occurs in 15-20 % of all women recently confined. It is characterized by anxiety, irritability, insomnia, fatigue, low interest to the baby and other symptoms of major depression.Seyfried LS and Marcus SM. (2003) indicate that pharmacological treatment for patients with postpartum depression can be limited because some psychoactive drugs are contraindicated in lactation and psychotherapeutic approaches became the method of the choice. On other hand, rare cases of postpartum psychosis require psychiatric emergency care and urgent drug treatment. Thus the differentiation of treatment mode is imp ortant element of the care in the postnatal changes of the mood.Series of works by Dennis CL. et all. (2004) are dedicated to the problem of treatment of postpartum depression. Authors consider that the most effective schemes of psychotherapy include interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, peer and partner support, nondirective counseling, relaxation/massage therapy, infant sleep interventions, infant-mother relationship therapy, and maternal exercise.Unfortunately the available clinical trials studied these methods and their effectiveness, were designed poorly and have low level of evidence. Thus definite conclusions about the relative effectiveness of the different treatments cannot be reached. Authors recommend to increase the number of randomized controlled trials needed for comparing different treatment schemes, examining the effectiveness of individual treatment components and selecting the optimum treatments for women with different anamnesis and status pra esens objectivus.Other group of interventions using in the psychiatry for treatment of postpartum depression includes antidepressant medication, estrogen therapy, critically timed sleep deprivation, and bright light therapy. Some of these interventions can be applied to other types of depressions unrelated to puerperium but the issues of pharmacological safety can limit them.As an example of mentioned above we can use the results of the study by Reck C. et all. (2004). They found, that mother-infant interaction plays a central role in the treatment of postpartum depression. They explain this fact with high sensitivity of infants to their mothers' emotional state. The authors consider that postpartum depression is a risk factor for disturbances of children's development. They proposed the integrated model of treatment which is based on   mother-infant-centered interventions.Similar propositions contains the research paper of Hofecker-Fallahpour M. et all. (2003). This group of Swis s investigators proposed the program of group therapy for depressive mothers, including those who has postpartum depression. The main therapeutic method in this program is behavioral therapy.Clark R, Tluczek A. and Wenzel A. from the University of Wisconsin Medical School published work (2004) about the priorities of psychotherapy in the patients with postpartum depression. They think that group psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy should be superior to other methods of non-pharmacological treatment.The main objectives of the proposed treatment is â€Å"reducing maternal depressive symptoms, improving mothers' perceptions of their infants' adaptability and reinforcement value, and increasing mothers' positive affect and verbalization with their infants†. Authors urge that early intervention for mothers with postpartum depression is crucial point of successful treatment.Different point of view was demonstrated by Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A. and Romaniuk H. (2003). They think that psychological interventions for postnatal depression can be beneficial in the short term but this benefit is not superior to spontaneous remission in the long term. In their research Cooper PJ. et all. used routine primary care, non-directive counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy. They found that all chosen treatments had a considerable impact at four months on maternal mood but only psychodynamic therapy reduced depression significantly.The last kind of therapy focused on patient's experience and bygone conflicts of childhood and adolescence. All benefits of the treatment were not longer by nine months after delivery and did not reduce of recurrent episodes of depression in long-term perspective. These scientists urge that postnatal depression is associated with adverse child cognitive and socio-emotional outcome (2003). They found that early psychotherapeutic intervention had the short-term benefit to the mother-child relationship and i nfant behavior.In summarizing of foresaid we could said that the treatment of mood disorders in puerperal period includes two main components: medical interventions and psychotherapy. The choice of the methods and their combination depend on the severity of signs and risk of the recurrence of mood disorder. Women with mild disturbances of mood (postpartum blues) do not need specific treatment. This condition typically resolves spontaneously during first weeks.Because the medical interventions are not the subject of our competence we will focus on the findings in the field of psychotherapy. This approach is especially useful in women with mild or moderate severity of postnatal depression. The most of authors recommend group psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy), but individual therapy is effective too. These methods can be combined with educational programs. O'Hara MW. and his coauthors evaluated efficacy of different methods of psychotherapy for postpartum d epression. They proposed interpersonal psychotherapy as the method of the choice in treatment of postpartum depression.They found that â€Å"interpersonal psychotherapy reduced depressive symptoms and improved social adjustment, and represents an alternative to pharmacotherapy, particularly for women who are breastfeeding†. We can see that the main benefit of psychotherapy is absence of adverse effects of taking medications. But in severe cases of postnatal depression or when patients do not respond to non-pharmacological treatment and in all cases of postpartum psychosis the pharmacological treatment is indicated.The prevalent forms of psychotherapy in the postnatal depression include cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. Both individual and group therapy can be used. All types of non-pharmacological treatment are effective in mild and moderate severity of the depression.Untreated mood disorders place the mother at risk for recurrent disease. Furthermore, maternal depression is associated with long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in the child. One of the most important objectives is to increase awareness across the spectrum of health care professionals who care for women during pregnancy and the puerperium so that postpartum mood disorders may be identified early and treated appropriately.Effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are available. Every approach has the advantages and demerits. But to compare their effectiveness we need better-designed clinical trials and the unification of the approaches to the examining of the effectiveness of individual treatment components. Selecting the optimum treatments for women with different background and severity of the postnatal depression should be evidence-based and take into consideration the possibility of long-term effects of the mood disorder. References: 1.Clark R, Tluczek A, Wenzel A. (2003) Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a preliminary report. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Oct; 73(4) p. 441-454. 2.Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. (2003) Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression. I. Impact on maternal mood. Br J Psychiatry. May; 182: p. 412-419. 3.Dennis CL, Stewart DE. (2004) Treatment of postpartum depression, part 1: a critical review of biological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry. Sep; 65(9): p. 1242-1251. 4.Dennis CL. (2004) Treatment of postpartum depression, part 2: a critical review of nonbiological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry. Sep; 65(9): p. 1252-1265. 5.Hofecker-Fallahpour M., Zinkernagel-Burri C., Stà ¶ckli B., Wà ¼sten G., Stieglitz RD., Riecher-Rà ¶ssler A. (2003) Gruppentherapie bei Depression in der frà ¼hen Mutterschaft Erste Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie Der Nervenarzt Sep.; Band 74, Nummer 9; S.: 767 – 774 6.Murray L, Cooper PJ, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. (2003) Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression: 2. Impact on the mother-child relationship and child outcome. Br J Psychiatry. May; 182: p. 420-427. 7.Nonacs R, Cohen LS. (1998) Postpartum mood disorders: diagnosis and treatment guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry. 59 Suppl 2: p. 34-40. 8.O'Hara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, Wenzel A. (2000) Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Nov; 7(11) p. 1039-1045. 9.Reck C., Weiss R., Fuchs T., Mà ¶hler E., Downing G., Mundt C. (2004) Psychotherapie der postpartalen Depression Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Blickpunkt. Der Nervenarzt. November Band 75, Nummer 11 S.: 1068 – 1073 10.Seyfried LS, Marcus SM. (2003) Postpartum mood disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry.   Aug; 15(3) p. 231-242.

Biography of Akbar the Great, Emperor of Mughal India

Biography of Akbar the Great, Emperor of Mughal India Akbar the Great (Oct. 15, 1542–Oct. 27, 1605) was a 16th-century Mughal (Indian) emperor famed for his religious tolerance, empire-building, and patronage of the arts. Fast Facts: Akbar the Great Known For: Mughal ruler famed for his religious tolerance, empire-building, and patronage of the artsAlso Known As: Abul-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Akbar I  Born:  Oct. 15, 1542 in Umerkot,  Rajputana  (present-day  Sindh,  Pakistan)Parents: Humayun, Hamida Banu BegumDied: Oct. 27, 1605 in Fatehpur Sikri,  Agra,  Mughal Empire  (present-day  Uttar Pradesh,  India)Spouse(s): Salima Sultan Begum, Mariam-uz-Zamani, Qasima Banu Begum, Bibi Daulat Shad, Bhakkari Begu, Gauhar-un-Nissa BegumNotable Quote: As most men are fettered by bonds of tradition, and by imitating ways followed by their fathers...everyone continues, without investigating their arguments and reasons, to follow the religion in which he was born and educated, thus excluding himself from the possibility of ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect. Therefore we associate at convenient seasons with learned men of all religions, thus deriving profit from their exquis ite discourses and exalted aspirations. Early Life Akbar was born to the second Mughal Emperor Humayun and his teenaged bride Hamida Banu Begum on Oct. 14, 1542, in Sindh, now part of Pakistan. Although his ancestors included both Genghis Khan and Timur (Tamerlane), the family was on the run after losing Baburs newly-established empire. Humayan would not regain northern India until 1555. With his parents in exile in Persia, little Akbar was raised by an uncle in Afghanistan, with help from a series of nursemaids. He practiced key skills like hunting but never learned to read (possibly due to a learning disability). Nonetheless, throughout his life, Akbar had texts on philosophy, history, religion, science, and other topics read to him, and he could recite long passages of what he heard from memory. Akbar Takes Power In 1555, Humayan died just months after retaking Delhi. Akbar ascended the Mughal throne at the age of 13 and became Shahanshah (King of Kings). His regent was Bayram Khan, his childhood guardian and an outstanding warrior/statesman. The young emperor almost immediately lost Delhi once more to the Hindu leader Hemu. However, in November 1556, Generals Bayram Khan and Khan Zaman I defeated Hemus much larger army at the Second Battle of Panipat. Hemu himself was shot through the eye as he rode into battle atop an elephant; the Mughal army captured and executed him. When he came of age at 18, Akbar dismissed the increasingly overbearing Bayram Khan and took direct control of the empire and army. Bayram was ordered to make the hajj- or pilgrimage- to Mecca, but he instead started a rebellion against Akbar. The young emperors forces defeated Bayrams rebels at Jalandhar, in Punjab. Rather than executing the rebel leader, Akbar mercifully allowed his former regent another chance to go to Mecca. This time, Bayram Khan went. Intrigue and Further Expansion Although he was out from under Bayram Khans control, Akbar still faced challenges to his authority from within the palace. The son of his nursemaid, a man called Adham Khan, killed another adviser in the palace after the victim discovered that Adham was embezzling tax funds. Enraged both by the murder and by the betrayal of his trust, Akbar had Adham Khan thrown from the parapets of the castle. From that point forward, Akbar was in control of his court and country, rather than being a tool of palace intrigues. The young emperor set out on an aggressive policy of military expansion, both for geo-strategic reasons and as a way to get troublesome warrior/advisers away from the capital. In the following years, the Mughal army would conquer much of northern India (including what is now Pakistan) and Afghanistan. Governing Style In order to control his vast empire, Akbar instituted a highly efficient bureaucracy. He appointed mansabars, or military governors, over the various regions; these governors answered directly to him. As a result, he was able to fuse the individual fiefdoms of India into a unified empire that would survive until 1868. Akbar was personally courageous, willing to lead the charge in battle. He also enjoyed taming cheetahs and elephants. This courage and self-confidence allowed Akbar to initiate novel policies in government and stand by them over objections from more conservative advisers and courtiers. Matters of Faith and Marriage From an early age, Akbar was raised in a tolerant milieu. Although his family was Sunni, two of his childhood tutors were Persian Shias. As an emperor, Akbar made the Sufi concept of Sulh-e-Kuhl, or peace to all, a founding principle of his law. Akbar displayed remarkable respect for his Hindu subjects and their faith. His first marriage in 1562 was to Jodha Bai, or Harkha Bai, a Rajput princess from Amber. As did the families of his later Hindu wives, her father and brothers joined Akbars court as advisers, equal in rank to his Muslim courtiers. In total, Akbar had 36 wives of various ethnic and religious backgrounds. Probably even more important to his ordinary subjects, Akbar in 1563 repealed a special tax placed on Hindu pilgrims who visited sacred sites, and in 1564 he completely repealed the jizya, or yearly tax on non-Muslims. What he lost in revenue by these acts, he more than regained in good-will from the Hindu majority of his subjects. Even beyond the practical realities of ruling an enormous, predominantly Hindu empire with just a small band Muslim elite, however, Akbar himself had an open and curious mind on questions of religion. As he mentioned to Philip II of Spain in his letter, he loved to meet with learned men and women of all faiths to discuss theology and philosophy. From the female Jain guru Champa to Portuguese Jesuit priests, Akbar wanted to hear from them all. Foreign Relations As Akbar solidified his rule over northern India and began to extend his power south and west to the coast, he became aware of the new Portuguese presence there. Although the initial Portuguese approach to India had been all guns blazing, they soon realized that they were no match militarily for the Mughal Empire on land. The two powers made treaties, under which the Portuguese were allowed to maintain their coastal forts, in exchange for promises not to harass Mughal ships that set out from the west coast carrying pilgrims to Arabia for the hajj. Interestingly, Akbar even formed an alliance with the Catholic Portuguese to punish the Ottoman Empire, which controlled the Arabian Peninsula at that time. The Ottomans were concerned that the huge numbers of pilgrims flooding into Mecca and Medina each year from the Mughal Empire were overwhelming the resources of the holy cities, so the Ottoman sultan rather firmly requested that Akbar quit sending people on the hajj. Outraged, Akbar asked his Portuguese allies to attack the Ottoman navy, which was blockading the Arabian Peninsula. Unfortunately for him, the Portuguese fleet was completely routed off of Yemen. This signaled the end of the Mughal/Portuguese alliance. Akbar maintained more enduring relations with other empires, however. Despite the Mughal capture of Kandahar from the Persian Safavid Empire in 1595, for example, those two dynasties had cordial diplomatic ties throughout Akbars rule. The Mughal Empire was such a rich and important potential trading partner that various European monarchs sent emissaries to Akbar as well, including Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France. Death In October 1605, the 63-year-old Emperor Akbar suffered a serious bout of dysentery. After a three-week illness, he passed away at the end of that month. The emperor was buried in a beautiful mausoleum in the royal city of Agra. Legacy Akbars legacy of religious toleration, firm but fair central control, and liberal tax policies that gave commoners a chance to prosper established a precedent in India that can be traced forward in the thinking of later figures such as Mohandas Gandhi. His love of art led to the fusion of Indian and Central Asian/Persian styles that came to symbolize the height of Mughal achievement, in forms as varied as miniature painting and grandiose architecture. This fusion would reach its absolute apex under Akbars grandson Shah Jahan, who designed and had built the world-famous Taj Mahal. Perhaps most of all, Akbar the Great showed the rulers of all nations everywhere that tolerance is not a weakness, and open-mindedness is not the same as indecisiveness. As a result, he is honored more than four centuries after his death as one of the greatest rulers in human history. Sources Alam, Muzaffar and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. The Deccan Frontier and Mughal Expansion, ca. 1600: Contemporary Perspectives, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2004).Habib, Irfan. Akbar and Technology, Social Scientist, Vol. 20, No. 9/10 (Sept.-Oct. 1992).Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1996).Smith, Vincent A. Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1919).

Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Essays

Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Essays Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Non-Related Family Members Suffering from Depression Some women who have never suffered any type of depression find that after they bear children they now suffer from mild to severe depression. Having children sets off a completely different set of emotions. Maybe you once had ample amounts of time to accomplish the tasks needed for everyday life and now you are thrown for a loop as life changed. Before or even during pregnancy women picture that what their life will be like after the child is born and I do not think it is what any woman expects. Each child is different and requires different needs, whether it is the woman?s first child or fifth child she is never prepared enough. Maybe you can relate yourself or someone you know to a childbearing woman who has suffered depression after giving birth. Peripartum Disorders can have especially severe long-term consequences, not only for the mother but also for the whole family and especially for the child. Recent research has shown how maternal stress, anxiety and depression can adversely influence a child?s early and later development (Riecher-Rossler and Steiner, 2005). Postpartum or Peripartum disorders affect so many women from severe case to mild cases, but it is over looked everyday. My family was hurt by postpartum depression when my aunt committed suicide after her fourth child. After she gave birth to each child she showed signs of depression and was being treated for it, but it was obviously not taken as serious as it should have been. After they found her diary and understood some of the things she was seeing and feeling. This was a deep dark depression so severe that she felt she was possessed by the devil. At the end she had shown signs of improvement and everyone had thought she had improved. Inconsistent and contradi ctory results are of course not only due to the described problems of definition and classification, but also to other methodological shortcomings of studies. (Riecher-Rossler and Steiner, 2005). I believe this case of illness to be a result of nature and not nurture because it is the affect after having children. Taking care of children is the hardest task given in life. You are responsible for another person or person?s life and you are the direct result of their upbringing. My sister in law also has suffered from depression after each of her two children. Her and I have discussed this quite a lot since we both have children. Her case is not as severe as my aunt?s. She has a hard time leaving the house and also suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with cleanliness. The OCD has become so severe after having children that she has washed her hands until they bleed. After her first child was born she felt as if her husband had some what forgotten about her. She then started having major medical issues. She believes truly that there is something wrong and has a fear of dying from ovarian cancer because other family members have. Even after being medicated she still suffers minor symptoms and we watch her closely for signs of mood changes. Each case is different and are not all going to show the same signs. I believe this to be a case of nurture as she felt as if her husband had forgotten about her because of their new children. I have one more case to discuss and that is myself and being depressed during pregnancy. During pregnancy is one of those times when you cannot just take any medication and everything has to be closely monitored. Usually a woman is taken off any medication that the affects are not known. I had tried to get pregnant for eight years with nothing but failure. Finally we tried some fertility treatments and one worked! I was pregnant and got exactly what I wanted, but became increasingly depressed about four months into the pregnancy and even started a journal about the feelings I was having. I worked long days and even a lot of overtime while pregnant even until the day I delivered. I just could not kick the depression and felt like everything was wrong and that

Understanding the French Expression Nimporte

Understanding the French Expression N'importe The French indefinite expression nimporte, which literally means no matter, can be followed by an interrogative adjective, adverb, or pronoun in order to designate an unspecified person, thing, or characteristic. If you dont know what interrogative adjectives, adverbs, and/or pronouns are, be sure to study those lessons before continuing with this one (just click the link in each heading). Use With Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns can function as subjects, direct objects, or indirect objects. nimporte quianyoneNimporte qui peut le faire.Anyone can do it.Tu peux inviter nimporte qui.You can invite anyone.Ne viens pas avec nimporte qui.Dont come with just anyone.nimporte quoianythingNimporte quoi maiderait.Anything would help me.Il lira nimporte quoi.Hell read anything.Jà ©cris sur nimporte quoi.I write on anything.nimporte lequelany (one)- Quel livre veux-tu  ? - Nimporte lequel.- Which book do you want? - Any one / Any of them.- Aimes-tu les films  ? - Oui, jaime nimporte lesquels.- Do you like movies? - Yes, I like any at all. Use With Interrogative Adjectives Use nimporte  with interrogative adjectives in front of a noun to indicate a non-specific choice. nimporte quelanyJaimerais nimporte quel livre.Id like any book.Nimporte quelle dà ©cision sera...Any decision will be... Use With Interrogative Adverbs When used with interrogative adverbs, these indicate that the how, when, or where of something is unspecified. nimporte comment(in) any wayFais-le nimporte comment.Do it any way. (Just do it!)nimporte quandanytimeEcrivez-nous nimporte quand.Write to us anytime.nimporte oà ¹anywhereNous irons nimporte oà ¹.Well go wherever / anywhere.

Case Study Project . SEE DETAILED INSTRUCTION BELLOW Essay

Case Study Project . SEE DETAILED INSTRUCTION BELLOW - Essay Example conflict, as well as multiple contributing factors are explored, and secondly, the study addresses issues of timeliness, adequacy and effectiveness of the international reaction. The logic behind this structure of the research is as follows – while the former could produce sound understanding of both the duration of the conflict and the extent of the atrocities perpetrated by all belligerent parties, hence the scale of the disaster, the latter – the evaluation of the international response – inter alia might help explain the relative failure of the humanitarian efforts, as demonstrated by the current situation in the region (IRIN, 2014). The crisis in the Darfur – which literally means land of the Fur – region of Sudan could be said to have begun in October 2002 when the Janjaweed militia, trained and equipped by the Sudanese army, carried out violent attacks on the local people from camps in Jabal Kargu, Boni, and Idalghanam in southern Darfur (Collins, 2005: 156; de Waal, 2005: 129). Being characterised by extreme cruelty, involving killings, mutilations, rapes, and abductions, those raids also bore indubitable signs of ethnic cleansing – not only the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa were targeted, but also the fields, wells, irrigation works, schools, clinics and other infrastructure was methodically destroyed in order to drive the local population from their holdings (Collins, 2005: 156). In the early 2003, the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA/M) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), who are believed to have themselves attacked civilians in Darfur, started attacking the government forces in response to raids mounted by the government-backed militias (Bellamy, 2005: 31; Collins, 2005: 156; BBC News, 2010). The killings and displacement escalated during the summer and autumn of 2003, while the Sudanese army defeated the SLA north of Kutum in late August; in September 2003, the Chadian government mediated a ceasefire between the belligerent sides, which

Prepare a marketing plan for a company of your choice for the next one Essay

Prepare a marketing plan for a company of your choice for the next one and three years - Essay Example GSK has a unique mission statement which explains their aim and (objective of) providing consumers with new products and with more improved projects. The following essay elaborates the marketing plan of the company by describing the current scenario of the industry and also GSK. SWOT analysis identifies the strength and weakness and also the opportunities and threats of GSK that are changing from time to time with the competitive market. The responsibilities that are taken by GSK towards the environment, consumers and the shareholders have been discussed in the study. To evaluate the position of the competitors of GSK, competitive analysis has been done. The Segmentation, targeting and positioning concept explains the target market of GSK and what they do to position their products among its consumers. Lastly a forecasted budget for the year 2013-2015 has been prepared. The income is expected to decrease, even though it can be assumed that the expenses can be controlled. This would p ossibly because of the unstable condition of the global economy. Mission Statement and Market Overview The mission of the company is to improve the quality of human life by giving them more products and make them feel better and live longer. The Research and Development units, the partners of the company and the workers of the company work in harmony to prevent and treat diseases and make the world a better place to live. The business is focussed towards the delivery of three strategic priorities, which aim to increase growth, reduce risk and improve long term financial performances. These priorities are; 1) growth of a diversified global business, 2) delivery of more products which offer more value, 3) simplifying operating model. Grow diversified global business by creating a balanced business and product portfolio capable of delivering sustainable sales growth. The main business areas are pharmaceuticals, vaccines and consumer healthcare which provide the company significant comp etitive advantages and opportunity of synergy. Deliver products of value: The Company has re-engineered the research and development (R&D) division in the organisation to develop a whole bunch of products that offer improvement in treatment of patients and healthcare providers. The company has outsourced the research activities allowing access to new areas of science and share the risk of development of its partners. Simplify the operating model through global restructuring programmes designed to deliver significant savings to support investment in priority growth business and thus improve competitiveness further. Pharmaceutical companies are making great contribution to the economy of UK,  higher than most  other high-tech industries. The National Health Service (NHS) accounts for more than 98% of UK’s prescribed medicines market, which is the sixth largest pharmaceutical market in the world. Most of this market is driven by approximately 35,000 general practitioners (GP s) of UK. The Pharmaceutical industry of UK is an open market, where the leading foreign companies and brands have strong presence. While the growth rate of this market has been decelerating, it remains one of the fastest growing components in

The illegal Diamond Trade of Sierra Leone Case Study

The illegal Diamond Trade of Sierra Leone - Case Study Example Charles Taylor, the leader of insurgents in Liberia, runs a non-state entity known as "greater Liberia".3 He does not have any official identity, but he maintained trapping of gold, diamond and hardwood. He has support from port city of Buchanan and a strong tie with several other trading partners. This insurgence has given rise to criminal activities which are being referred as "crime disguised as war". 4 The insurgency got integrated and has resulted to complex criminal networking.5 Along with exploitation of natural resource, other criminal activities such as drugs, money laundering and many other illegal activities are growing at a faster rate. The war state in Sierra Leone made the life of civilian people disastrous. This leads to humiliation for people who get caught in between the warring parties and as a result human residential areas get deserted. On the other hand the town and cities are getting flooded with Internally Displaced People (IDPs) who are living in overcrowded o utskirts. The resource based conflict in Sierra Leone is non-ending because some of the people involved in such conflicts are getting benefitted. Such situations create easy access for resource smuggling. If someone undergoes an in-depth research for the factors which were actually responsible for the present conflict in Sierra Leone, the following three main reasons will emerge out: These are: The main cause behind the war was closely associated with the competition for resource (mainly diamond). This strengthened with the passage of time. The conflict was directly linked with collapse of the state and emergence of non-state criminals with small arms. The war was never restricted to a single state, rather it was a regional problem and no state boundaries could actually restricted illegal trading of these resources.6 Different non government organizations are coming up to provide help to those people who are suffering the most from such resource conflict. They are also campaigning against trade conflict that is getting worst day by day in Sierra Leone. The innocent civilians are the one who suffered most from such a war state. For example on 19th and on 20th December, 2001 in Kono District situated to the eastern part of Sierra Leone, a clash emerged out between Civil Defense Force (CDF) and RUF that resulted into killing of 13 people while 40

Application of Ansoff Matrix to Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Application of Ansoff Matrix to Zara - Essay Example The present research has identified that Ansoff Matrix is one of the tools which have been used by management for the purpose of strategic planning. Ansoff model was introduced in 1957 by H Igor Ansoff. Ansoff model helps managers to understand the barriers and opportunities in existing and new markets with existing and new products. According to Ansoff model, an organization has four strategies with two based on markets and products or services. According to this matrix, when an organization moves to next quadrant vertically or horizontally, risk increases. The image attached to the appendices section shows the Ansoff model. Ansoff matrix is commonly known as product and market expansion grid and this matrix helps managers to make decisions whether they should expand their business or penetrate in the existing market. Ansoff Matrix shows that management has four strategies and these are; 1. Market penetration 2. Market development 3. Product development 4. Diversification. All these four strategies have some risks associated with them. It is important for the management to identify and analyze risks associated with each strategy and then take the final decision. For many years different companies use this grid for strategic planning. Zara, one of the leading international fashion brands, uses this model to grow their business in different markets as well as within the existing market. For the entire process of business expansion, Ansoff model has been used. Now, this part of the report will discuss and analyze each of the quadrants of Ansoff matrix and apply it to Zara’s expansion. Market Penetration: Market penetration is when a company stays in an existing market with their existing products or services then the risk is very low. A company knows the product is already doing well in a market and market holds few surprises. Market penetration is to go further deep into the market as there are opportunities prevailing in the market but the company has no t capitalized on these opportunities. So to go deep into the market, the company penetrates and increases its market share in the market it is already operating. The company already is aware of the market and its characteristics like barriers to entry and exit or opportunities in the market etc. It is very important for Zara to maintain its market share in existing market with existing products. The company is operating in 59 countries and it is incurring the cost by operating its stores. Therefore by penetrating into the markets where it is already operating, the company can further utilize the markets and increase its market shares in these regions. Thus it can help in improving profitability. Zara has achieved competitive advantage by changing the products quickly. However, industry average to deliver products is nine months whereas Zara’s in-house team is capable to deliver the same in 4 to 6 weeks.

Kew gardens by virginia woold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kew gardens by virginia woold - Essay Example Impressionism considers the commonplace, and the snail in Kew Gardens is any day commonplace; so are the leaves and the pebbles, flowers and butterflies. Both the movements advocate powerful exercises in bold bright colours. Kew Gardens records strong intermittent flashes of colours by way of its beautiful images. Impressionistic works perceive movement as an immediate result of human experience. Woolf was keen on exploring the theme of movement in the natural and human world; especially in the human psyche. The inspired art work manifests this flurry of movements: the falling leaves, flitting butterflies, hesitant snail and the centric human torso that persists as a burrow of all-flowing thoughts, words, voices. The obscured human image in deliberate unfriendly black and brown, which on closer look is an optical illusion image, represents Woolf’s multiple characters and their tunnel of thoughts going berserk at various angles. It brings out the poignant isolation against the backdrop of the ravages of the Great War. Considering the image to be a female, it signifies the loneliness/widowhood a lot of women had to undergo following the war. If not, the image assumes the psyche of an alienated mind which is so palpably represented by all the characters, especially the senile man, William, Simon and the ponderous maid. The human profile also delineates the theme of introspection. The snail that is prominently depicted in the canvas is not a symbol of lethargy and despair. Rather it reflects a sense of purpose and optimism. The art work successfully encapsulates this idea by catching its profile in mid air, looking up and deciding. The display of reflections in natural light is a downright characteristic portrayed well in that-era work. The art work has successfully captured the shimmer of reflected light in hues of the red, blue and yellow petals that stud the corner crust of the canvas. Post-impressionistic genre believed in retaining the basic shapes and geometrical patterns as shown by the art work. There are heart- and tongue-shaped leaves, and the pebbles, butterflies, snail are depicted in clean sharp strokes. THE SHORT STORY Linear narrative takes a back foot in Virginia Woolf’s writing and she generously employs stream of consciousness and interior monologue to build up her story. Kew Gardens is set against the backdrop of an estranged world produced by the war and industrialisation. The reader has to plumb for the social context in which Woolf chose Kew Gardens. The garden was beautified by successive directors to reveal a Victorian glory. However, the war dealt a severe blow where the garden space was cultivated to cater to the food shortage. Its image was affected and modernist writers like Woolf couldn’t help sourcing this fractured view in their writing. Woolf offers us a splendid ironical treatment by choosing the setting of Kew Gardens-a place where people come for respite and recuperation. She emphasises geometrical patterns and deflected light. Thus the garden becomes an ironic symbol where human drama is rejected and the manufactured natural space becomes a walking ground for alienation and restive existence. The companionship of each pair is ironic too. They’re with each other but actually walk the ground alone. The old man may be the conventional spectacle of senility but we find that one in each pair at varying points of time

Application of Ansoff Matrix to Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Application of Ansoff Matrix to Zara - Essay Example The present research has identified that Ansoff Matrix is one of the tools which have been used by management for the purpose of strategic planning. Ansoff model was introduced in 1957 by H Igor Ansoff. Ansoff model helps managers to understand the barriers and opportunities in existing and new markets with existing and new products. According to Ansoff model, an organization has four strategies with two based on markets and products or services. According to this matrix, when an organization moves to next quadrant vertically or horizontally, risk increases. The image attached to the appendices section shows the Ansoff model. Ansoff matrix is commonly known as product and market expansion grid and this matrix helps managers to make decisions whether they should expand their business or penetrate in the existing market. Ansoff Matrix shows that management has four strategies and these are; 1. Market penetration 2. Market development 3. Product development 4. Diversification. All these four strategies have some risks associated with them. It is important for the management to identify and analyze risks associated with each strategy and then take the final decision. For many years different companies use this grid for strategic planning. Zara, one of the leading international fashion brands, uses this model to grow their business in different markets as well as within the existing market. For the entire process of business expansion, Ansoff model has been used. Now, this part of the report will discuss and analyze each of the quadrants of Ansoff matrix and apply it to Zara’s expansion. Market Penetration: Market penetration is when a company stays in an existing market with their existing products or services then the risk is very low. A company knows the product is already doing well in a market and market holds few surprises. Market penetration is to go further deep into the market as there are opportunities prevailing in the market but the company has no t capitalized on these opportunities. So to go deep into the market, the company penetrates and increases its market share in the market it is already operating. The company already is aware of the market and its characteristics like barriers to entry and exit or opportunities in the market etc. It is very important for Zara to maintain its market share in existing market with existing products. The company is operating in 59 countries and it is incurring the cost by operating its stores. Therefore by penetrating into the markets where it is already operating, the company can further utilize the markets and increase its market shares in these regions. Thus it can help in improving profitability. Zara has achieved competitive advantage by changing the products quickly. However, industry average to deliver products is nine months whereas Zara’s in-house team is capable to deliver the same in 4 to 6 weeks.

IPad's Security Breach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IPad's Security Breach - Essay Example Subsequent to this breach of AT&T’s security, a lot of security issues have since arisen for the firm and other computer security firms. In addition, many interested parties have questioned the justification of hacking activities as well as the role of ethical statements and policies of computer security firms, which promote activities such as website hacking. This paper explores the subjects of the possibility of the justification of hacking, computer security firms’ ethics that promote hacking, and the social responsibilities of media firms such as Gawkers Media LLC. Justification of Hacking into Websites Most hackers state that they hack into websites not as criminals but as interested parties seeking to identify flaws in computer systems or reveal certain information. By hacking, they claim, it becomes possible for computer security firms to prevent or rectify any damaging security leaks. However, due to the side effects of hacking and the damages it causes to compu ter firms’ images and business, questions have a risen on the issue of justification for hacking and activities. While others insist that hacking can never be justifiable, others believe it is a justifiable practice, depending on the reasons for which it is done (Harper’s Forum, 1999). ... peoples’ data worldwide, hackers believe they compel these companies to ensure that they have tamperproof systems that keep their clients’ data confidential. Therefore, hackers are watchdog for the public on the security weaknesses of technology firms. Hacking is thus justifiable since it addresses the vulnerabilities inherent in technology products that expose clients’ confidential information (Harper’s Forum, 1999). Hacking could also be justifiable if its exposes illegal political activities by discredited groups. In addition, hacking may be justified if it reveals certain publicly important information, which the public is denied by governments, organizations, or politicians. Importantly, hackers reveal malpractices and criminal activities that may be happening without the knowledge of the public and the law enforcement agencies. That is, when a hacker discovers the criminal operations of certain individuals or organizations and such reports are sent t o law enforcers, that hacking is certainly justified since it benefits the society and does not harm the public or any private person in any way (Harper’s Forum, 1999). Various factors have been found to promote hacking activities. Among these factors are the various ethical statements by computer security firms. Corporate Ethics Statement That Promote Hacking The ethical issue regarding the freedom to access information is perhaps the number one motivator of hackers to indulge in their activities. In fact, the ethic on which hackers justify their actions is that they investigate issues, allowing every individual in the society to gain information and knowledge on the various hidden issues affecting their lives (Ermann, 1997). Once a corporate computer firm issues ethical statements that emphasize the

Earning a College Degree Essay Example for Free

Earning a College Degree Essay Earning a college degree has always been a very important goal of mine. My children are getting older and in a few short years will start looking into college themselves. It became more important for me now than ever to make my dream, my goal, a reality. There were many factors that came into play when I decided that this was the right time in my life to return to school. Being a non-traditional student, cost, flexibility, and accreditation were among the most important factors for me when choosing an online university. As my research into finding the right university continued, I found that Western Governors University had much more to offer their students than just an education. The financial aspect of returning to school was probably my biggest concern. I wanted to earn a degree, but didn’t want to be left with a hefty student loan payment at the end. Many of the online University’s that I looked into were â€Å"for profit† schools. Being inexperienced and new to this research I didn’t realize that there was such thing as a â€Å"non for profit† online University until I stumbled upon WGU. With affordable tuition, I knew that my dream could soon become reality. My children and husband are my number one priorities. They always have been, always will be. My time spent with them is precious and something that I would not give up for anything. The flexibility in classes and coursework that WGU offers has given me the perfect balance to be both a mother and a student. Since WGU is a competency based school, this allows me to spend less time on the material that I already know and concentrate more on the subjects that I am not as familiar with. Accreditation was another important factor for me. I didn’t want to spend the next 3 to 4 years going to school, spending countless hours reading and studying, only to find out that future employers would not take my degree seriously. Finding out that WGU is highly respected among businesses made my decision that much easier. There have been a few unexpected surprises along my journey thus far, with WellConnect being one of them. I never realized how much an online university could care about the health and wellbeing of their students. WGU also has some great mentors who not only offer encouragement, but push you to do the best and be the best that you can be. From my first inquiry of Western Governors University to now, I can say that, without a doubt, I made the right decision. I have finally found an online university who is just as committed to my success as I am. I would encourage anyone thinking about  returning to school as a non-traditional student to look no further than Western Governors University. With their low-cost tuition, flexibility, and accreditation to their amazing and caring mentors and their competency based program, WGU is definitely a perfect fit.

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties

Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Language is the vehicle for most learning, so when a child has speech, language and communication difficulties it can affect the development of the child’s cognitive, social and emotional wellbeing. The level of development problems will vary depending on the severity of the problems and the support that the child receives. All children can benefit from some support in speech, language and communications because of how important it is for learning. We need all three elements of speech, language and communication to get our message across, without any of these, what a child says and understands may become confused. Here are some areas that may be affected. Personal, social and emotional development. Some may find it difficult to follow the rules of communication and interact socially with others. Because they may find it hard to express themselves and get their views and needs across to others they can often find themselves avoiding social interaction situations. This can then make them feel they lack confidence and have a low self-esteem. Decision making will become difficult and they may start to rely on others to make decisions for them. Friendships. Friendships are very important for children. Children with speech, language and communications difficulties can find making and maintaining friendships a real challenge. The ability to understand and negotiate disagreements, socialise with peers and be part of a friendship group is an important development in life. This can become even more difficult as the child progresses through primary school as the need increases for them to become more aware of the feelings, thoughts and motives of others. Behaviour. Children with these difficulties can often become frustrated, this can result in them demonstrating behaviour difficulties. These can range from occasional bouts of unpredictable behaviour to more specific patterns of misbehaviour. Sometimes because of this poor behaviour, which is often seen as the bigger issue, the language difficulties can be missed. Play. Play is a vital part of a child’s development, by playing they can learn from their peers. When a child struggles with speech, language and communication, this can have an effect on their ability to play with others. They may not have the confidence to mix with others and participate in games as they can struggle to understand the rules or to make themselves be understood when explaining what they want to play. Literacy. Spoken language is important for the development of reading and writing. Children with speech and language problems will often go on to also have reading and writing difficulties. Children who are unable to understand complex oral language and word meanings can have reading difficulties because their ability to understand and produce written language is limited. This can have a knock on effect with accessing the rest of the curriculum, for example, for the development of maths there needs to be an understanding of language and instructions to help with mathematical problem solving and using number and shape names. Adapting Communications Methods. There are lots of things all practitioners can do to help a child with language and communication difficulties. The level of adaptions required will depend on the severity of the child’s difficulties. You will need to discover how the child communicates and just how well they can communicate to be able to make the best adaptions. It would certainly be advisable for all practitioners to take part in a speech and language therapy total communication workshop. This will explain the ability to communicate by whatever means available. This may include a combination of any of the following. Natural gesture, e.g. painting, body movements, speech, vocal noises, signs, symbols, pictures and photos. Children are more likely to learn and take in more when they are not rushed and given time to listen. Slow your speech down so that they have more time to process what is being said to them or asked of them. Make sure the child is given time to answer a question. By rushing them into answeri ng can make them feel they have failed and therefore less likely to want to attempt to communicate. Objects of reference can be used as a way of communication. These are objects that are chosen to represent activities, places, times etc. and are used meaningfully and systematically. Objects are used because they are multi-sensory and permanent. They also help when used in a systematic way. It can develop symbolic understanding, for example, something that can represent something else. Develop the understanding of what’s going to happen next. Develops the concept of start and finish. It also helps retention of information by the use of prompts. It will develop the ability to communicate when using objects of reference. It is important to speak to the child, but the level of language should be based on the level of understanding by the child. Use keywords, known vocabulary and have a consistent routine. PECS(Picture Exchange Communication System) can help those that have communication difficulties to initiate communication, although this is a very structural approach and best implemented by someone who is trained in it. When giving children with language and communication difficulties instructions or explaining to them about an activity, it is important that you make sure the child has fully understood what has been said to them. Asking the child to repeat what you have asked them or get them to explain the activity to you will help you decide if they have a good understanding of what is asked of them. You can help by shortening your sentences and use more simple words that are age and development related. Signing with a child can be helpful in many ways, it gains their attention and can improve eye contact, expressive speech can develop. Signing is known to stimulate the some area of the brain as speech, make sure you sign slowly and only sign keywords. It is important to speak naturally with the signs. Do not overload the child with too many signs and only teach the signs that are useful to the child that you are working with. Just by learning a few key signs such as drink and toilet can enhance s ome children’s lives enormously. English as an addition Language. Because there are more and more children entering the childcare settings who speak English as an additional language, practitioners may have to give extra support to these children to help them develop their skills in English. Practitioners should value this linguistic diversity and provide opportunities for these children to use and develop their home language in their play and learning. Home language skills are transferable to new languages and can strengthen the child’s understanding of language use. As some of the child’s family may not speak any English, it is important to understand that the child will still need to speak their home language for communications in the home. Home languages are vital for maintaining positive family connections. Practitioners have a key role in reassuring parents that by maintaining and developing their home language will benefit their children with their developing skills in English. English will need to be learnt in a context, throu gh practical meaningful experiences and interactions with others. These children may spend a long time listening before they speak and go through a silent phase. This is not usually a cause for concern as they are still learning. They will often be able to understand much of what they hear, especially where communication through gesture, facial expression and visual support is encouraged. Understanding is always in advance in spoken language and it is important that children do not feel pressured into speaking until they feel confident to do so, but it is essential that adults continue to talk to the children with the expectation that they will respond. Learning opportunities should be planned to help children develop their English. Build on the child’s experiences of language at home, so that their developing use of English and other languages support one another. Provide a variety of writing in the children’s home languages as well as English including books, labels and notices. Make sure the child has a range of opportunities to engage in speaking and listening activities in English with peers and adults. Practitioners will also have to keep close supervision over children that have English as an additional language and continually reinforce instructions, as these children may find it difficult to understand rules and boundaries and therefore can place themselves at risk of danger and hurting themselves. Supporting Speech, Language and Communication needs of children. The earlier any problems with a child’s speech are picked up the better as the relevant support can be put into place. It is therefore vital for all those working with children to appreciate the importance of speech, language and communication. Make sure they are aware of how they can support the development of speech, language and communications in all children. Are able to identify children with difficulties and know where to get them additional support. Know how to work with specialists such as speech therapists. It’s not always easy to tell if a child has a speech, language and communication need, it can depend on several things, and for example what age the child is and what type of difficulties they may have. Usually a parent or a family member will be the first person to realise the child has a difficulty, sometimes it can be staff at a nursery or school who notice there is a problem. Testing can begin right from birth as many babies now have a new-born hearing t est. Problems with hearing can lead to speech difficulties. If a parent has concerns about their child’s speech, language and communication development, they can seek advice from their health visitor, G.P. school nurse or teacher. Any of these should be able to support the parent in making a referral to a speech and language therapist if necessary. Speech and language therapists have specialist skills and knowledge about the development of speech and language. They are trained to assess the child’s speech and language development, notice whether there are any difficulties, make a diagnosis and develop an individual treatment plan to the child’s needs and work alongside the parent to implement the plan. Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Speech, language and communication development are at the heart of all childrens learning and link to other areas of a childs development. Without speech, language and communication skills, a child will not be able to reach their full potential. According to the charity ICAN, 1 in 10 children in the UK, 2 or 3 in every classroom have communication difficulties that require specialist help. (http://www.ican.org.uk/) With such a high number of children with communication difficulties, it is important to have knowledgeable practitioners to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills. Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, you will be able to: Explain how speech and language difficulties can impact on a childs overall development. Describe ways in which communication can be modified or adapted. Explain how to meet the communication needs of children who speak English as an additional language. Analyse the role that other professionals play in supporting the speech, language and communication needs of children. Introduction There are increasing numbers of children entering an educational environment with speech and language difficulties. This unit will enable you to understand some of the main causes of speech and language difficulties and the effects it can have on other areas of childrens development. This unit will help you to understand how to effectively support childrens speech, language and communication skills and adapt your communication accordingly. Effects of speech and language difficulties Speech and language difficulties in children can be caused by many different factors: Childhood Illnesses Chronic ear infections can have an effect on a childs speech and language development. If ear infections are persistent, fluid will be present in the ear for long periods of time. This can result in hearing difficulties, which can affect how a child processes language, which can in turn result in delayed speech and language. Use of dummies and bottles Prolonged use of dummies and bottles in babies and young children can have effects on a childs speech, language and communication. Before babies learn to say words and sentences, they explore their voices by producing noises and different sounds. Prolonged use of dummies and bottles can result in a child using their voice less often to make noises and sounds. The teat from the bottle or dummy can also prevent normal movement of the tongue and lips at the front of the mouth; leading to distorted speech. Difficulty in using oral muscles Oral motor disorders can affect children. A child that has an oral motor disorder will find it difficult to use the muscles in their lips, jaw and tongue. Difficulty in using these muscles will affect how a child can use their mouth and create difficulties with speaking, eating and drinking. Developmental Difficulties Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties experience difficulties in communicating. They find it difficult to understand or use verbal or non-verbal communication skills. Pregnancy or birth difficulties Dysarthria is a condition affecting the muscles used for speech, creating speech and language difficulties. It is often caused by changes to the brain during pregnancy and at birth. Lack of stimulation Children learn by watching others. They observe and copy language, behaviour and actions of others around them. If a child does not receive language stimulation in their early years, they will not acquire effective language and communication skills. The Literacy Trust runs an initiative titled, talk to your baby to support early language stimulation. They explain that, lack of early language stimulation can lead to language delay, and sometimes literacy and learning difficulties that then extend well beyond early literacy development and can be extremely costly or difficult to remedy. (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/talk_to_your_baby/about) The Impact of Speech, Language and Communication Difficulties Speech, language and communication skills are fundamental to promoting other areas of learning. During a recent review of the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum by Dame Clare Tickell (The Tickell Review), it became apparent that communication and language skills provide a strong foundation for further learning to take place. As a result of this review, Communication and Language development has now become a prime area of learning for children within the Early Years Foundation Stage. If a child is having difficulties with communication and language, their overall development may be affected. The impact of a childs communication and language difficulties will vary depending on the childs individual needs and severity of their difficulties. The following areas could be affected: Personal, Social and Emotional Development Friendships Behaviour Play Literacy Mathematics Personal, Social and Emotional Development Personal, social and emotional development looks at how children develop self-confidence and self-esteem and also at how children make choices and decisions. A child with a communication and language difficulty may find it difficult to express their needs and preferences, meaning that they may refrain from making their own choices and decisions. The development of acceptable social skills is reliant upon play and interaction with others. Children may not feel confident in entering social situations where they find it difficult to interact or participate to a full extent; this can negatively affect their social and emotional difficulties. Friendships The development of friendships relies on positive interaction between two people. Children build friendships by communicating and interacting with one another. Positive communication relies on eye contact, body language and gestures to be used alongside language in order to understand what another person is saying. As children become older, language is essential for establishing and maintaining relationships. A child with difficulties communicating may be left out of friendships. Behaviour Communication and language difficulties and behaviour are closely linked. Children, who have difficulty listening and processing language, therefore may not understand the rules and boundaries of the classroom or setting. This may result in tantrums or frustration demonstrated by the child, as they are unable to understand why they are not allowed to do something. Communication difficulties can result in a child having fewer opportunities for social interaction with other children and less experience in co-operating and sharing with others. In this instance, children may not understand the social expectations of play, which can result in the child snatching toys, rather than learning how to share. If a child has difficulty verbally communicating, they may become frustrated as they are unable to explain their interests and needs. Play Play is valuable for young children. The Early Years Foundation Stage curriculum values play as an effective method of learning for young children, play is essential for childrens development, building their confidence as they learn to explore, to think about problems, and relate to others. Children who have difficulty with communication may find it difficult to engage with and relate to other children during play. As children become older, they enjoy using language to communicate with each other and to play team games with rules. Difficulty engaging with others or understanding the rules of games can leave a child isolated and left out of activities with other children. This will also affect a childs confidence and self-esteem. Insert photo here: http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-4096771-left-out.php?st=fcaf64f This image shows how a child can be left out from group games and activities. Literacy Speech and language skills are important for childrens literacy development. Difficulty in understanding and processing language can lead to delays in the development of phonic skills and reading. The ability to understand written communication is an essential tool for learning, as it supports learning across other areas of the curriculum. Mathematics Mathematical development includes aspects such as problem solving and reasoning, which often require understanding of language and instructions. Many other areas of Mathematics also rely upon the use of mathematical language, such as using number and shape names and numerical language. This close link between literacy and mathematics can cause mathematical delays for children with communication difficulties. Adapting communication methods Children with speech, language and communication difficulties will all have varying degrees of severity and will therefore need different levels of support. There are many different strategies that can be adopted in order to support individual children. Slow down your communication In order to process language, children require time to listen, think about and work out what has been said to them. Slowing down the speed in which you communicate with children will give them time to listen to and process the language. By pausing after asking questions, children will get the chance to think about an answer to the question. Do not rush children. This may result in the child feeling like they have failed and will lower their self-esteem and confidence. Children will be more likely to attempt to communicate and answer questions if they feel comfortable and get the opportunity to participate. Use Visual Aids Using visual aids can support children in understanding communication. Within everyday communication, gestures and hand actions can support a conversation and can engage a child. Within a setting, visual aids can be used to help the child to understand the daily routine and to make choices and decisions. A visual timetable is a popular strategy used to give children structure for the day and reduce anxiety. A visual timetable is a sequence of symbols or pictures that is displayed in order to demonstrate the activities planned for the session. Children can become involved in the visual timetable by removing the symbols when that activity is complete. Symbols or pictures can also be used to support children in decision making. For example, a practitioner could have symbols for different types of fruit and encourage a child to choose a picture to represent what they would like for their snack. This strategy can be applied to other areas of the childs day, such as choosing activities. Check Childrens Knowledge and Understanding When giving children instructions or explaining an activity, it is important to clarify their knowledge and understanding of the task. By encouraging children to repeat the instructions or by asking them to explain what they are expected to do, you will be able to ensure that they have understood what you have asked them to do. Simplify your Language Shortening your sentences and simplifying your language can help children to process language and understand what has been said to them. Think about the words you use with children and ensure that they are not too complex for their age and stage of development. For example, you could replace the word construct with the word build. Guided Activity Think about some of the vocabulary you use with children. For each word or phrase, identify a simplified version you could use with children with communication difficulties. Praise Childrens Efforts Giving children praise is an important method to promote the use of communication. Praising a child for participating in an activity or for what they have done well will help to build a childs self-esteem and confidence and may further encourage their participation. Share the conversation Model the correct language and communication Being a good role model is important for all childrens acquisition of language and communication; however it is especially important for children with communication difficulties. If a child is saying a word or sentence wrong, do not place emphasis on the error, but repeat the word or sentence back to them in its correct form. For example, if a child says me do paint, you could join in with the child and say, Im doing some painting too. Use Alternative and Augmentative Communication Methods For some children that have little or no verbal communication skills, using an alternative or augmentative communication method is essential to enable them to communicate their needs and preferences. Children with Autistic Spectrum Difficulties will often have little or no speech. They will usually be able to understand communication, but will need alternative communication methods to enable them to communicate their wishes. Supporting children who speak English as an additional language There are more and more children entering childcare settings who speak English as an additional language. Most of these children will have developed speech, language and communication skills in their home language and will need support from practitioners to develop their skills in English. It is important for practitioners to recognise childrens home languages as important because: The child will feel valued and respected. The home language is important for family relationships and connections. Some members of a childs family, may not speak any English, therefore a child will still need to speak their home language for vital communications in the home.

The Bully Essay -- essays research papers

The Bully Violence in schools is an ongoing problem. Students verbally and mentally abuse each other on a daily basis. Verbal abuse is the most precedent. These students are usually titled as bully’s or having aggressive behavior. Girls have a tendency to indirectly bully, and boys have a tendency to physically bully other students. Bullying is a misbehavior that has to be resolved by looking at what is causing the behavior. It is not something that can be tolerated in schools, and classrooms. Bullying or aggressive behavior can be defined in many ways. The child pushes people around, may threaten other students, and can have a bad temper. Usually the student is extremely negative. Bullies perceive everyone is against them. They demean others and humiliate them in public eyes. They look for trouble and their parents may promote their behavior, including fighting. The teachers find that the students talk back to them, and these types of students often have learning disabilities. They are also usually loners with few friends, and if they have friends their the leader of the pack.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bullying or aggressive behavior has many effects on the school-learning environment. Students are frightened by misbehaving bullies so it creates a situation were fear is present in the classroom. It is not fair that children feel uncomfortable, and confrontations occur. Class time is wasted, the learning stops, and class discussions or lectures are interrupted; bad e...

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. :: English Literature

Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett. Born in Yorkshire in 1934, Alan Bennett has been writing, performing and directing since his first theatrical encounters as a student at Oxford in the early 1960's. He first gained success at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and later, in collaboration with Dudley Moore, Peter Cooke and Jonathan Miller, enjoyed considerable acclaim with the original Beyond the Fringe. (www.museum.tv. Accessed 26/01/03) Alan Bennett is the archetypal Northerner, his bespeckled, dour appearance make him an unlikely celebrity and he would not look out of place as a slightly muddled professor or, as Bennett himself observes, a vicar. He says on the subject of appearances 'people often end up doing what the mirror tells them they are suited for, while feeling themselves quite different inside. And in the process whole lives are thrown away' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Bennett writes about ordinary people, involved in mundane activities, but with his unique style he can liven up the dullest tale and add interest to life's lonely outcasts. Although the stories in Talking Heads are fiction, it is easy to see that some are influenced from events in Bennett's early life. His mother suffered from depression and he uses his experience of mental illness as a core for some of his characters. As he says, the people he writes about are 'part of a story to the meaning of which they are not entirely privy' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) A reflection of Bennett's own sexuality can be seen in the character of Graham in A Chip in the Sugar, who is portrayed as an uncomfortable homosexual. Bennett described his sexuality during an interview in the New Yorker in 1993 thus 'I'd always been in love with guys but always unhappily' (Observer.co.uk. Accessed 21/01/03) Although not included in the collections of Talking Heads, the concept actually started with 'A Woman of No Importance', which was first televised in 1982. It began the trend that Bennett carried on in both Talking Heads 1 and 2. Both of these compilations contain works with similar themes running through them, loneliness, unhappiness, alienation from a changed society, and vague mental illness. The ironic wit Bennett uses to convey the almost tragic stories are central to how the characters accept the way their lives have turned out (www.museum.tv. Accessed 21/01/03) The theme of loneliness and alienation from a changed society runs like a thread through all six of the first Talking Heads stories. Each of the characters portray a struggle to 'fit in' with everyday life, some are alone and lonely, and some in a relationship of some kind, yet still lonely. The gentle humour used in each of the tales makes

Huella Online Essay

Introduction Huella Online Travel was an Internet travel portal Founded in 1999 in Kuala Lumpua, Malaysia targeting Greater China and Asian Pacific. It expanded into 10 different markets across Asia, including Hong Kong. Huella online travel sells travel related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals and hotels. Problem Statement Hong Kong consumers have low interest in buying airline tickets online although internet penetration is quite high. Research Objectives Huella‘s Hong Kong site was launched in 2000. Revenue growth in Hong Kong had been less than expected. Huella market share in Hong Kong to be only 4% compared 9% in Singapore. In this regard, we seek to †¢To get a depth insight into Hong Kong online travel market †¢To find rationale behind low usage of online booking of airline tickets in Hong Kong especially people belonging to the age group of 18-35 †¢Perception of Huella brand and its Hong Kong website Research Design The research will be conducted with the help of survey through the feedback of questionnaires from a sample of 300 people (including both male and female) belonging to the age group of 18 to 35 and will be conducted online. The sample will focus students, business executives and leisure travellers. The respondents used to fill the questionnaire will be based on Random Sampling. DATA ANALYSIS The answers of the questions in the questionnaires will be analyzed on the basis of scale which may vary from question to question and is constructed at the time of preparation of the questionnaires. The results will be shown in terms of percentages and the graphical representation of people’s preferences in terms of percentages and ratios. BUDGET The overall cost may range from $ 2,000 to $ 3,000 approximately. SCHEDULE The Research may take Three months, according to the schedule as follow: ïÆ'ËœOne month for the questionnaires to be filled by respondents. ïÆ'ËœOne Month for the Data Analysis. ïÆ'ËœOne Moth for the preparation of Report.

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay

Everyday thousand of teens wake up terrified of attending school. About one in seven schools, a child is either a bully or a victim of bullying. Bullying is simply defined as a type of aggressive behavior that involves intent to cause harm and a power imbalance (Olweus, 1999). Bullying can range anywhere from psychological, physical (involving kicking and punching), verbal or cyber abuse. Bullying among children can be considered as a form of abuse’ (0-). It has been put forward that bullying is a division of aggressive behavior and has been further characterized as repetitive and ‘an inability on behalf of the victim to defend him or herself’ (Farrington, 1993, cited it Sapouna, 2008). We learn from Sapouna (2008) that bullying can take the form of ‘verbal (name calling), physical (hitting, kicking) or relational (deliberate exclusion from a group, spreading of malicious rumors). After extensive research in Scandinavia, Olweus(1993, cited in Kumpulainen et al.,1998) proposed that bullying can be carried out by one or more adolescents and usually occurs on repeated occasions, and to some extent, it occurs in all schools. Recently bullying amongst young people has gain notoriety in the press due to the extreme results it has had on certain young individuals. An example of this is Sian Yates, a 13 year old girl who committed suicide after repeated bullying (Daily Mail, 2007). Despite the press attention given to these cases, the extreme consequence of suicide does not occur in the majority of cases. Victims can suffer from a range of harmful effects such as humiliation, anxiety, depression, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and emotional instability. This lead to the finding of Kumpulainen et al., (1998) that ‘bullying is a common phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed.’ The writer went on to say that there are ‘higher rates of psychological distress among both bullies and victims’ than those not involve. However, the literature is consistent in noting that the ‘bullied victims are the most troubled of the bully, victim, bully –vict im triad’ (Juvonen et al., 2003; Ma, 2001; Pellegrini, 2002; Pellegrini et al., 1999;Salmivalli & Nieminen, 2002, cited in Cunningham, 2007). Should these lead agencies to focus more on protecting the victim? Some schools have decided that the way forward is to have zero tolerance policies. This may include all students who bully. However, if certain researcher’s numbers are correct it could mean excluding from school, forty percent of the school aged population. Given the widespread nature of the problem can zero tolerance really mean, â€Å"Zero tolerance†? We learn from the NHS ‘website teens for health’ (2008) that ‘anyone can be singled out by bullies.’ The NSPCC found that 31 per cent of children had been bullied at some point (Teens for health, 2008). This being the case, can anyone be bullied? Black and Jackson (2007) have put forward that there lies and ‘an imbalance of power’ between the parties involved in bullying. ‘The bully is stronger through social status, physical prowess, age, cognitive abilities or skill.’ Is this imbalance of power the sa me across the genders? There is an extensive body of literature that suggests that boys are more likely than girls to be bullies as well as victims (Nansel et al.2001; Boulton & Smith, 1994; Boulton & Underwood, 1992, cited in Marsh, Parada, Craven, &Finger, 2004). This doesn’t mean girls cannot be bullies. Stephenson and Smith (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found that girls as well as boys fitted into the ‘five main groups of people involved in bullying’. These are: ‘dominating bullies, anxious bullies, bully-victims, classical victims, and provocative victims.’ These traits were also found by Sourander,Helstelà ¤, Helenius and Piha (2000) to have clinical implications. Sourander et al., (2000) noted that ‘Bullying is especially associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior while victimization is associated with internalizing problems.’ Whitney and Smith, (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found ‘bullies to be more prone to have criminal convictions later in life, and more likely to be involved in serious, recidivist crime’. Are criminal convections later in life a fair punishment for their actions? Or should something be done to help the bully? This leads to the question as what is the nature of these young people that make them prone to being a victim or a bully. In the search for a personality construct, many researchers have come to the agreement that ‘bullies are deficient in social information processing or may be intellectually disadvantaged’ (Besag, 1989, cited in Marsh et al., 2004). The work of Crick and Dodge (1994, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) explained that bullies responses to social situations are being met with a filtration process. This ‘cognitive filter’ is based on an aggressive individual interpreting neutral or ambiguous cues as hostile and therefore, making them more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors’ (Marsh et al., 2004). This was also seen to be the case in Bosworth, Espelage, and Simon (1999, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) when ‘a sample of adolescent high school students showed that misconduct, anger, and beliefs supportive of violence were significantly related to bullying behaviors’. Although bullying is an aggressive act, this does not imply that bullies and aggressive or conduct-disordered individuals are a homogenous group. Sutton et al (1999, cited in Marsh, 2004) put forward that bullies were part of a complex environment where they are require to ‘negotiate and attribute mental states to themselves and others to explain or predict their behavior.’ This idea contravenes the notion that ‘bullies are cognitively inept or simple in their inte ractions with peers’ (Sutton et al 1999, cited in Marsh, 2004). References â€Å"Bullying†. Violence Prevention. 1 Dec. 2012 http://www.violencepreventionworks.org/public/olweus_history.page Dawkins, J. L. (1996). Bullying, physical disability and the pediatric patient. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38 603-612. Espelage, D. L., Holt M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextuals effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence. Child development, 74, 205-220. Pelligrini, A. D. (2002) Bullying and victimization in schools: A Dominance relations perspective . Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.